diff --git a/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.cc b/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.cc
index b4fa65daa78c..d731e823b39d 100644
--- a/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.cc
+++ b/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.cc
@@ -5650,9 +5650,11 @@ DataPointer RSA_Cipher(const EVPKeyPointer& key,
   if (!key) return {};
   EVPKeyCtxPointer ctx = key.newCtx();
 
+  const Digest& mgf1_digest =
+      params.mgf1_digest != nullptr ? params.mgf1_digest : params.digest;
   if (!ctx || init(ctx.get()) <= 0 || !ctx.setRsaPadding(params.padding) ||
-      (params.digest != nullptr && (!ctx.setRsaOaepMd(params.digest) ||
-                                    !ctx.setRsaMgf1Md(params.digest)))) {
+      (params.digest != nullptr &&
+       (!ctx.setRsaOaepMd(params.digest) || !ctx.setRsaMgf1Md(mgf1_digest)))) {
     return {};
   }
 
@@ -5691,7 +5693,9 @@ DataPointer CipherImpl(const EVPKeyPointer& key,
   if (!key) return {};
   EVPKeyCtxPointer ctx = key.newCtx();
   if (!ctx || init(ctx.get()) <= 0 || !ctx.setRsaPadding(params.padding) ||
-      (params.digest != nullptr && !ctx.setRsaOaepMd(params.digest))) {
+      (params.digest != nullptr && !ctx.setRsaOaepMd(params.digest)) ||
+      (params.mgf1_digest != nullptr &&
+       !ctx.setRsaMgf1Md(params.mgf1_digest))) {
     return {};
   }
 
diff --git a/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.h b/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.h
index 53302394f38b..a11d67ae460a 100644
--- a/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.h
+++ b/deps/ncrypto/ncrypto.h
@@ -508,6 +508,7 @@ class Cipher final {
   struct CipherParams {
     int padding;
     Digest digest;
+    Digest mgf1_digest;
     const Buffer<const void> label;
   };
 
diff --git a/doc/api/crypto.md b/doc/api/crypto.md
index dcef80701f1d..179e5ac30c30 100644
--- a/doc/api/crypto.md
+++ b/doc/api/crypto.md
@@ -5340,6 +5340,9 @@ An array of supported digest functions can be retrieved using
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.11.14
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/65073
+    description: The `mgf1Hash` option was added.
   - version: REPLACEME
     pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/63188
     description: Passing a CryptoKey as `privateKey` is no longer supported.
@@ -5370,8 +5373,11 @@ changes:
 <!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
 
 * `privateKey` {Object|string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|KeyObject|URL}
-  * `oaepHash` {string} The hash function to use for OAEP padding and MGF1.
-    **Default:** `'sha1'`
+  * `oaepHash` {string} The hash function to use for OAEP padding and, unless
+    `mgf1Hash` is set, MGF1. **Default:** `'sha1'`
+  * `mgf1Hash` {string} The hash function to use for the MGF1 mask generation
+    function of OAEP padding. If not specified, the value of `oaepHash` is used.
+    This allows the OAEP digest and the MGF1 digest to differ.
   * `oaepLabel` {string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} The label to
     use for OAEP padding. If not specified, no label is used.
   * `padding` {crypto.constants} An optional padding value defined in
@@ -5491,6 +5497,9 @@ be passed instead of a public key.
 <!-- YAML
 added: v0.11.14
 changes:
+  - version: REPLACEME
+    pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/65073
+    description: The `mgf1Hash` option was added.
   - version: REPLACEME
     pr-url: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/63188
     description: Passing a CryptoKey as `key` is no longer supported.
@@ -5516,8 +5525,11 @@ changes:
 * `key` {Object|string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|KeyObject}
   * `key` {string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView|KeyObject}
     A PEM encoded public or private key, or {KeyObject}.
-  * `oaepHash` {string} The hash function to use for OAEP padding and MGF1.
-    **Default:** `'sha1'`
+  * `oaepHash` {string} The hash function to use for OAEP padding and, unless
+    `mgf1Hash` is set, MGF1. **Default:** `'sha1'`
+  * `mgf1Hash` {string} The hash function to use for the MGF1 mask generation
+    function of OAEP padding. If not specified, the value of `oaepHash` is used.
+    This allows the OAEP digest and the MGF1 digest to differ.
   * `oaepLabel` {string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} The label to
     use for OAEP padding. If not specified, no label is used.
   * `passphrase` {string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} An optional
diff --git a/lib/internal/crypto/cipher.js b/lib/internal/crypto/cipher.js
index 5dc2cf959624..dafcc59d5066 100644
--- a/lib/internal/crypto/cipher.js
+++ b/lib/internal/crypto/cipher.js
@@ -68,15 +68,17 @@ function rsaFunctionFor(method, defaultPadding, keyType) {
         preparePrivateKey(key, keyName) :
         preparePublicOrPrivateKey(key, keyName);
     const padding = key.padding || defaultPadding;
-    const { oaepHash, encoding } = key;
+    const { oaepHash, mgf1Hash, encoding } = key;
     let { oaepLabel } = key;
     if (oaepHash !== undefined)
       validateString(oaepHash, 'key.oaepHash');
+    if (mgf1Hash !== undefined)
+      validateString(mgf1Hash, 'key.mgf1Hash');
     if (oaepLabel !== undefined)
       oaepLabel = getArrayBufferOrView(oaepLabel, 'key.oaepLabel', encoding);
     buffer = getArrayBufferOrView(buffer, 'buffer', encoding);
     return method(data, format, type, passphrase, namedCurve, buffer,
-                  padding, oaepHash, oaepLabel);
+                  padding, oaepHash, oaepLabel, mgf1Hash);
   };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.cc b/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.cc
index 92682328d0ba..e4aaf0b953a7 100644
--- a/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.cc
+++ b/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.cc
@@ -801,6 +801,7 @@ bool PublicKeyCipher::Cipher(
     const EVPKeyPointer& pkey,
     int padding,
     const Digest& digest,
+    const Digest& mgf1_digest,
     const ArrayBufferOrViewContents<unsigned char>& oaep_label,
     const ArrayBufferOrViewContents<unsigned char>& data,
     std::unique_ptr<BackingStore>* out) {
@@ -810,6 +811,7 @@ bool PublicKeyCipher::Cipher(
   const ncrypto::Cipher::CipherParams params{
       .padding = padding,
       .digest = digest,
+      .mgf1_digest = mgf1_digest,
       .label = label,
   };
 
@@ -882,8 +884,17 @@ void PublicKeyCipher::Cipher(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
   if (!oaep_label.CheckSizeInt32()) [[unlikely]] {
     return THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(env, "oaepLabel is too big");
   }
+
+  Digest mgf1_digest;
+  if (args[offset + 4]->IsString()) {
+    Utf8Value mgf1_str(env->isolate(), args[offset + 4]);
+    mgf1_digest = Digest::FromName(*mgf1_str);
+    if (!mgf1_digest) return THROW_ERR_OSSL_EVP_INVALID_DIGEST(env);
+  }
+
   std::unique_ptr<BackingStore> out;
-  if (!Cipher<cipher>(env, pkey, padding, digest, oaep_label, buf, &out)) {
+  if (!Cipher<cipher>(
+          env, pkey, padding, digest, mgf1_digest, oaep_label, buf, &out)) {
     return ThrowCryptoError(env, ERR_get_error());
   }
 
diff --git a/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.h b/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.h
index f351c845497d..4837a63ca631 100644
--- a/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.h
+++ b/src/crypto/crypto_cipher.h
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ class PublicKeyCipher {
                      const ncrypto::EVPKeyPointer& pkey,
                      int padding,
                      const ncrypto::Digest& digest,
+                     const ncrypto::Digest& mgf1_digest,
                      const ArrayBufferOrViewContents<unsigned char>& oaep_label,
                      const ArrayBufferOrViewContents<unsigned char>& data,
                      std::unique_ptr<v8::BackingStore>* out);
diff --git a/src/crypto/crypto_rsa.cc b/src/crypto/crypto_rsa.cc
index f5dd79f5fce9..c89d6b698b2b 100644
--- a/src/crypto/crypto_rsa.cc
+++ b/src/crypto/crypto_rsa.cc
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ WebCryptoCipherStatus RSA_Cipher(Environment* env,
   const ncrypto::Rsa::CipherParams nparams{
       .padding = params.padding,
       .digest = params.digest,
+      .mgf1_digest = params.digest,
       .label = params.label,
   };
 
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-crypto-rsa-oaep-mgf1.js b/test/parallel/test-crypto-rsa-oaep-mgf1.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7ba7f19f6b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-crypto-rsa-oaep-mgf1.js
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+'use strict';
+const common = require('../common');
+if (!common.hasCrypto)
+  common.skip('missing crypto');
+
+// Tests the `mgf1Hash` option of crypto.publicEncrypt() and
+// crypto.privateDecrypt(), which allows the MGF1 digest of RSA-OAEP padding to
+// differ from the OAEP message digest (`oaepHash`). This is required for
+// interoperability with profiles such as XML Encryption's `rsa-oaep-mgf1p`,
+// where the OAEP digest may be changed but MGF1 is fixed to SHA-1.
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const crypto = require('crypto');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const { hasFIPS } = require('../common/crypto');
+
+const constants = crypto.constants;
+
+const publicKey = fixtures.readKey('rsa_public.pem', 'ascii');
+const privateKey = fixtures.readKey('rsa_private.pem', 'ascii');
+
+const input = Buffer.from('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog');
+
+// A round-trip with mismatched OAEP and MGF1 digests must succeed when both
+// sides agree on the digests.
+{
+  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+    mgf1Hash: 'sha1',
+  }, input);
+
+  const decrypted = crypto.privateDecrypt({
+    key: privateKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+    mgf1Hash: 'sha1',
+  }, encrypted);
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(decrypted, input);
+}
+
+// mgf1Hash actually affects the padding: a ciphertext produced with
+// oaepHash=sha256 and mgf1Hash=sha1 must NOT decrypt when MGF1 defaults to the
+// OAEP digest (sha256), which is the pre-existing behavior.
+{
+  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+    mgf1Hash: 'sha1',
+  }, input);
+
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    crypto.privateDecrypt({
+      key: privateKey,
+      padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+      oaepHash: 'sha256',
+      // No mgf1Hash: MGF1 follows oaepHash (sha256) and must fail to unpad.
+    }, encrypted);
+  }, {
+    code: hasFIPS(3, 5) ? 'ERR_OSSL_EVP_PROVIDER_ASYM_CIPHER_FAILURE' :
+      'ERR_OSSL_RSA_OAEP_DECODING_ERROR'
+  });
+}
+
+// Backward compatibility: omitting mgf1Hash on both sides keeps MGF1 == oaepHash
+// (the historical behavior), so this round-trips, and setting mgf1Hash equal to
+// oaepHash is equivalent to omitting it.
+{
+  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+  }, input);
+
+  const decrypted = crypto.privateDecrypt({
+    key: privateKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+    mgf1Hash: 'sha256',
+  }, encrypted);
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(decrypted, input);
+}
+
+// The default oaepHash is sha1, so mgf1Hash defaults to sha1 as well. A
+// ciphertext encrypted with all defaults must decrypt with an explicit
+// mgf1Hash: 'sha1'.
+{
+  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+  }, input);
+
+  const decrypted = crypto.privateDecrypt({
+    key: privateKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    mgf1Hash: 'sha1',
+  }, encrypted);
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(decrypted, input);
+}
+
+// A few other digest combinations round-trip.
+for (const [oaepHash, mgf1Hash] of [
+  ['sha512', 'sha1'],
+  ['sha384', 'sha256'],
+  ['sha1', 'sha256'],
+]) {
+  const encrypted = crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash,
+    mgf1Hash,
+  }, input);
+
+  const decrypted = crypto.privateDecrypt({
+    key: privateKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash,
+    mgf1Hash,
+  }, encrypted);
+
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(decrypted, input);
+}
+
+// mgf1Hash must be a string.
+for (const mgf1Hash of [1, true, {}, [], null]) {
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    crypto.publicEncrypt({
+      key: publicKey,
+      padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+      oaepHash: 'sha256',
+      mgf1Hash,
+    }, input);
+  }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+}
+
+// An unknown mgf1Hash digest name is rejected.
+assert.throws(() => {
+  crypto.publicEncrypt({
+    key: publicKey,
+    padding: constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING,
+    oaepHash: 'sha256',
+    mgf1Hash: 'not-a-real-digest',
+  }, input);
+}, { code: 'ERR_OSSL_EVP_INVALID_DIGEST' });
diff --git a/typings/internalBinding/crypto.d.ts b/typings/internalBinding/crypto.d.ts
index 03ea3e74c641..f532cf6a0c75 100644
--- a/typings/internalBinding/crypto.d.ts
+++ b/typings/internalBinding/crypto.d.ts
@@ -767,6 +767,7 @@ declare namespace InternalCryptoBinding {
       padding: number,
       oaepHash: string | undefined,
       oaepLabel: OptionalByteSource,
+      mgf1Hash: string | undefined,
     ]
   ) => Buffer;
 }