diff --git a/exir/backend/test/test_partitioner.py b/exir/backend/test/test_partitioner.py
index f2ce8e14988..7422b136f84 100644
--- a/exir/backend/test/test_partitioner.py
+++ b/exir/backend/test/test_partitioner.py
@@ -620,6 +620,56 @@ def partition(
         ]
         self.assertEqual(len(copy_node), 1)
 
+    def test_buffer_mutated_indirectly_is_not_taken_for_constant(self):
+        """A buffer written a step after it is read still counts as mutated.
+
+        `tag_constant_data` used to decide by looking at a buffer's direct users for the
+        node that performs the mutation. A cache that is concatenated with its new values
+        and written back further down has something else as its user, so it was taken for
+        a constant and handed to the delegate as a buffer. A backend that compiles mutable
+        buffers into state then produced a model asking for state that the partitioner had
+        been told not to take over.
+        """
+
+        class IndirectlyMutated(torch.nn.Module):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__()
+                self.register_buffer("cache", torch.zeros(1, 4))
+
+            def forward(self, x):
+                # The buffer's user is the cat, not the write.
+                joined = torch.cat([self.cache, x], dim=1)
+                self.cache.copy_(joined[:, -4:])
+                return joined.sum(1)
+
+        edge = exir.to_edge(
+            torch.export.export(IndirectlyMutated(), (torch.zeros(1, 2),), strict=True)
+        )
+        program = edge.exported_program()
+        signature = program.graph_signature
+        self.assertIn("cache", signature.buffers_to_mutate.values())
+
+        placeholder = next(
+            node
+            for node in program.graph.nodes
+            if node.op == "placeholder" and signature.inputs_to_buffers.get(node.name)
+        )
+        self.assertNotIn(
+            placeholder.name,
+            {user.name for user in placeholder.users} & set(signature.buffers_to_mutate),
+            "this test is only meaningful while the mutation is not a direct user",
+        )
+
+        for node in program.graph.nodes:
+            if node.op == "call_function":
+                node.meta["delegation_tag"] = "tag0"
+        tag_constant_data(program)
+
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            placeholder.meta.get("delegation_tag"),
+            "a mutated buffer must not be tagged as constant data",
+        )
+
     def test_buffer_mutation1(self):
         class TestModule(torch.nn.Module):
             def __init__(self):
diff --git a/exir/backend/utils.py b/exir/backend/utils.py
index 9bdba810138..b2d80357072 100644
--- a/exir/backend/utils.py
+++ b/exir/backend/utils.py
@@ -342,20 +342,23 @@ def format_delegated_graph(graph_module: torch.fx.GraphModule) -> str:
     return graph_format_str
 
 
-def tag_constant_data(edge_program: ExportedProgram) -> None:
+def _mutated_buffer_placeholders(edge_program: ExportedProgram) -> Set[torch.fx.Node]:
     """
-    Util function for partitioners. This function tags the const/param/buffers nodes
-    whose users all belong within the same partition. This should be called after tagging all other nodes.
-    Any const/param/buffer which is used as input to a subgraph, will be tagged with the same tag as that
-    subgraph. Throw error when const/param/buffers is used across different partitions. That is the
-    underlying data will be owned by multiple delegates.
+    Placeholders whose data the program mutates, which must not be treated as
+    constant. A buffer is matched against the signature's mutation targets rather
+    than by looking through its users for the mutating node: a buffer that is not
+    written in one step — a cache first concatenated with new values and written
+    back further down the chain — has something other than the mutation as its
+    user, and would otherwise be taken for a constant and folded into a delegate
+    instead of remaining a mutable buffer input. Parameters and lifted constants
+    have no mutation target, so for them the direct-user check remains.
     """
-    # Cache signature lookups to avoid rebuilding dicts on every access.
     sig = edge_program.graph_signature
     params_map = sig.inputs_to_parameters
     buffers_map = sig.inputs_to_buffers
     constants_map = sig.inputs_to_lifted_tensor_constants
     buffers_to_mutate = sig.buffers_to_mutate
+    mutated_targets = set(buffers_to_mutate.values())
 
     mutated_buffer = set()
     for node in edge_program.graph.nodes:
@@ -364,12 +367,36 @@ def tag_constant_data(edge_program: ExportedProgram) -> None:
             or node.name in buffers_map
             or node.name in constants_map
         ):
+            if buffers_map.get(node.name) in mutated_targets:
+                logging.info(
+                    "The buffer node is a mutated buffer node, which is not constant."
+                )
+                mutated_buffer.add(node)
+                continue
             for node_user in node.users:
                 if node_user.name in buffers_to_mutate:
                     logging.info(
                         "The buffer node is a mutated buffer node, which is not constant."
                     )
                     mutated_buffer.add(node)
+    return mutated_buffer
+
+
+def tag_constant_data(edge_program: ExportedProgram) -> None:
+    """
+    Util function for partitioners. This function tags the const/param/buffers nodes
+    whose users all belong within the same partition. This should be called after tagging all other nodes.
+    Any const/param/buffer which is used as input to a subgraph, will be tagged with the same tag as that
+    subgraph. Throw error when const/param/buffers is used across different partitions. That is the
+    underlying data will be owned by multiple delegates.
+    """
+    # Cache signature lookups to avoid rebuilding dicts on every access.
+    sig = edge_program.graph_signature
+    params_map = sig.inputs_to_parameters
+    buffers_map = sig.inputs_to_buffers
+    constants_map = sig.inputs_to_lifted_tensor_constants
+
+    mutated_buffer = _mutated_buffer_placeholders(edge_program)
 
     for node in edge_program.graph.nodes:
         # go through const/param/buffer nodes, if all users of const/param/buffer nodes are partitioned then partition